Personality profiles of cultures: Self stereotypes using the Big 5 (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) personality traits
Scores assessing the level of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism in 49 countries. This dataset is a tibble containing 49 observations across 32 variables:
Population: character string indicating the population of each country.
country_code: character string indicating the country (ISO3 code).
N1 to N6: N stands for neuroticism.
Personality profiles of cultures: Self stereotypes using the Big 5 (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) personality traits Scores assessing the level of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism in 49 countries. This dataset is a tibble containing 49 observations across 32 variables:
Population: character string indicating the population of each country.
country_code: character string indicating the country (ISO3 code).
N1 to N6: N stands for neuroticism.
Measures of within-country diversity (religion and language)
Data on the measures of within-country religious and linguistic diversity for 120 countries. The dataset is a tibble containing 120 observations across 3 variables:
country_code: character string indicating the country (ISO3 code).
religious_diversity: Numeric. As reported in the article “The Effects of Within-Country Linguistic and Religious Diversity on Foreign Acquisitions” (JIBS, April 2016, v47-3: 319-346) two measures of within-country diversity were created using essentially the same data as was used to create the linguistic distance and religious distance scales (see documentation on psychic distance stimuli).
Gravity controls
The gravity model is used in international economics to explain bilateral flows (such as trade) between two units (generally countries), based on the economic size of each unit (in terms of GDP or number of inhabitants) and the distance between these two units (in terms of geographic distance, for instance number of kilometers). Over time, several researchers have enhanced this model by adding a number of control variables, available in this dataset.
Hofstede’s cultural dimensions scores
Data from Hofstede’s cultural dimensions scores in 111 countries. The dataset is a tibble containing 111 observations across 8 variables:
country_code: character string indicating the code of the country (ISO3 code).
country_name: character string indicating the full name of the country.
pdi: Integer. Refers to Power Distance. Defined as “This dimension expresses the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.
Hofstede’s cultural dimensions scores Data from Hofstede’s cultural dimensions scores in 111 countries. The dataset is a tibble containing 111 observations across 8 variables:
country_code: character string indicating the code of the country (ISO3 code).
country_name: character string indicating the full name of the country.
pdi: Integer. Refers to Power Distance. Defined as “This dimension expresses the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.
Cultural distance
Cultural distances between 78 home and 78 host countries (6084 country pairs) calculated using the Kogut & Singh (1988) index based on Hofstede’s (1980, 1988, 2010) cultural dimensions scores. This dataset contains 6084 observations across 5 variables:
country_pair: character string uniting the origin and the destination.
origin: character string indicating the first country (ISO3 code) of the country pair.
destination: character string indicating the second country (ISO3 code) of the country pair.
Schwartz’s cultural value orientation scores
Data from Schwartz’s cultural value orientation scores in 75 countries. The dataset is a tibble containing 80 observations across 9 variables:
Notes: Character string (only for some of the observations) to distinguish between different populations in a country (e.g., French-speaking Canadians and English-Speaking Canadians)
country_code: Factor indicating the country (ISO3 code).
harmony: Numeric. “harmony emphasizes fitting into the world as it is, trying to understand and appreciate rather than to change, direct, or to exploit.
Psychic distance (Hakanson and Ambos, 2010)
Data on psychic distance aggregated at the country level for 625 country pairs (25 home countries and 25 host countries). The dataset contains 625 observations across 4 variables:
country_pair: character string uniting the origin and the destination.
origin: character string indicating the first country (ISO3 code) of the country pair.
destination: character string indicating the second country (ISO3 code) of the country pair.
Psychic distance stimuli (Dow & Karunaratna, 2006)
The psychic distance stimuli were developed by Dow and Karunaratna for their study originally presented at the Academy of International Business meeting of 2004 and subsequently published in the Journal of International Business Studies in 2006.
While the most widespread definition of psychic distance is “factors preventing or disturbing the flows of information between firm and market. Examples of such factors are differences in language, culture, political systems, level of education, level of industrial development, etc.